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Contents and Abstracts  


Contents

Andrey M. Korjenkov – Emanuel Mazor
Diversity of Earthquakes Destruction Patterns: The Roman-Byzantine Ruins of Haluza, Negev Desert, Israel  >>

Gabriel Zuchtriegel
On the Dating and Interpretation of the Double Herms from Solin  >>

Ioannis A. Panteleon
Finds from Miletus XVI. On the Fate of Finds from Wiegand’s Excavation Left at the Site after 1914  >>

Volkmar von Graeve
Finds from Miletus XVII. Fragments of Architectural Sculpture from the Archaic Sanctuary of Aphrodite  >>

Jan-Marc Henke
Finds from Miletus XVIII. Cypriot Coroplastic Art  >>

Alessandro Naso
Finds from Miletus XIX. Archaic Trade Amphorae at Miletus: Preliminary Report  >>

Ahmet Aydemir
Finds from Miletus XX. Kitchenware and Kitchen Utensils from Archaic Miletus  >>

Hanswulf Bloedhorn
Jerusalem’s Water System in the Bronze and Iron Age  >>  


Abstracts

Andrey M. Korjenkov – Emanuel Mazor, Diversity of Earthquakes Destruction Patterns: The Roman-Byzantine Ruins of Haluza, Negev Desert, Israel
Haluza (southern Israel) was intensively inhabited during the Nabatean-Roman-Byzantine periods, from the 3rd cent. B.C. till the 8th cent. A.D. Only a small part of the ruined city has been excavated and in it the following impressive variety of different seismic damage patterns has been observed: tilt and collapse of walls and columns; shifts of parts of the walls; through-going joints; cracks crossing large building blocks; cracked doorsteps, windowsills and slabs above windows and doors; as well as numerous traces of later repair. Archaeological dating and matching to historically documented earthquakes revealed two destructive events – at 502 A.D.; 749 A.D. The archaeo-seismic data at Haluza, and other ancient cities at the Negev Highland, indicate that this region is not seismically quiescent, as previously believed, and it has been affected by destructive earthquakes at intervals of a few hundred years – a finding to be taken into account in future developments within this area.

Keywords: Haluza, Negev Desert - Roman-Byzantine period - archeoseismology - earthquake - kinematic indicators


Gabriel Zuchtriegel, On the Dating and Interpretation of the Double Herms from Solin
Since their discovery the double herms from Solin have been regarded as portraits of the Tetrarchy. However, both the style and the iconography of the portraits tend to suggest that they date from the period of Constantine. Accordingly Constantine is portrayed with one of his sons. As for the find site, Diocletian’s palace in Spalato may indeed imply that the herms originated during the Tetrarchy, but does not exclude the possibility of a later dating, since the palace continued to be used thereafter. In view of panegyric orations and the depiction of river personifications on coins, the combination of river deities and Roman Imperial portraits can be read as a reference to the securing of the frontiers of the empire by the Roman Imperial family. The emperor's travelling apparel and the form of the herms are in line with this interpretation.  

Keywords: Spalato - Late Antiquity - Constantine - portrait herms - river gods


Ioannis A. Panteleon, Finds from Miletus XVI. On the Fate of Finds from Wiegand’s Excavation Left at the Site after 1914
In 1997, the foundations of a modern-era structure were discovered and excavated on the southern slope of the theatre hill at Miletus. The building was considered to be one of the two find storehouses which are known to have stood at the site during Wiegand’s excavation of 1899–1914. A comparison of the inventory of finds from this excavation with descriptions in the diaries of the pre-war excavation confirms this assumption. It has often been claimed that the majority of the finds which remained on site after work at Miletus was abandoned in 1914 went missing in the “chaos of war”. However, documents from the post-war excavation establish that this was not the case as regards the finds kept in the two storehouses. The buildings were still in use in 1938 and were destroyed in an earthquake in July 1955. A large number of finds from Wiegand’s excavation were salvaged from the ruins when excavation work resumed in November 1955 and were moved to the newly fitted-out local museum in 1962. The objects discovered in the course of the 1997 excavation had simply been overlooked or abandoned in 1955.  

Keywords: Milet - history of excavation - Theodor Wiegand


Volkmar von Graeve, Finds from Miletus XVII. Fragments of Architectural Sculpture from the Archaic Sanctuary of Aphrodite
Among the sculpture finds from the Archaic sanctuary of Aphrodite at Miletus are three fragments of animal figures which can be completed into two panthers facing one other within a pediment composition. The fragments date to the first half of the 6th century BC and their size indicates that they come from a relatively small structure which will have had approximately the same dimensions as the earlier temple in the sanctuary of Athena. Given that the early structure in the sanctuary of Aphrodite was also replaced by a late Archaic temple, we furthermore may surmise that construction proceeded in parallel in the two sanctuaries of Miletus. In addition, the conjectured sequence of two ritual structures in the sanctuary of Aphrodite is supported by the overall find context of the excavations carried out to date on the Zeytintepe in which it is possible to discern two major phases in the planning of the whole area. If the conclusions arrived at in the article are correct, the earliest pediment sculptures in eastern Ionian architecture will have been established. 

Keywords: Miletus - Archaic period - eastern Ionian architecture - pediment sculptures - panther


Jan-Marc Henke, Finds from Miletus XVIII. Cypriot Coroplastic Art
The find material of Cypriot coroplastic art at Miletus comprises some 350 not directly connected fragments. With few exceptions the material comes from the sanctuary of Aphrodite Oikous, which was localized on the Zeytintepe in 1990. The material came to light primarily on the eastern slope of the hill, where it had been discarded as sanctuary debris during the Archaic period in the wake of large-scale restructuring work; consequently it was not found embedded in any organic stratigraphy. The chronological and typological spectrum corresponds to the finds from the Heraion on Samos and other east Greek sanctuaries save for minor divergences. Hence, only mould-formed hollow and plaque figures from the late 7th and the first half of the 6th century BC can be established thus far. Compared to Samos and Rhodes, the plaque figures recede very much into the background. The types that can be established with certainty are figures with mantles and figures making offerings for male coroplastic art, and ›book or tambourine carriers‹ and the worshipper with arms placed to the side of the body for female coroplastics. A horse’s head could imply a cart or a rider. As was the case at the Samos and Rhodes find sites, the hollow female figure predominates among Cypriot figure dedications in Miletus too. This corresponds to the general picture of terracotta dedications on the Zeytintepe, in which the female figure predominates. With a total of 19 fragments the life-sized or approximately life-sized female coroplastic figures from Cyprus are accorded a greater role within the Miletus find material, although the exact number of figures to be inferred from them is still open to question. Also significant is the discovery of the head of a male plaque figure Cat. 1 from the Archaic-era artisan settlement on the Kalabaktepe and its identical counterpart Cat. 2 on the Zeytintepe. G. Schmidt assigns their parallels on Samos to the Cypriot type of male figure with mantle, but the clay of the two heads found at Miletus is presumably Milesian. In the absence of findings from specimen analysis, however, their origin remains unclarified. 

Keywords: Miletus - Archaic period - coroplastic art, Cypriot - sanctuary - dedications


Alessandro Naso, Finds from Miletus XIX. Archaic Trade Amphorae at Miletus: Preliminary Report
The excavations conducted by V. v. Graeve at Kalabaktepe from 1985 to 1993 have produced several sherds belonging to trade amphorae. According to the stratigraphic sequence elaborated by R. Senff for Miletus it is possible to establish the chronology of these finds. In the years 1989–1993, 3924 sherds of Milesian trade amphorae were found, dating from the end of 8th /beginning of 7th c. BC to the 5th c. BC. The band-lips, introduced already in the early types, remain through the centuries the chief distinguishing feature of the Milesian trade amphorae, which served most likely as containers for olive oil. Imported amphorae, which in Miletus number less than 10 % of those of local production, come from wine production centres such as Chios. The systematic study of all trade amphorae found in Miletus dating until 5th c. BC will permit us to verify these preliminary hypotheses. 

Keywords: Ionia - Archaic period - trade amphorae - commerce


Ahmet Aydemir, Finds from Miletus XX. Kitchenware and Kitchen Utensils from Archaic Miletus
The finds presented here, which mainly come from the excavations conducted between 1985 and 1995, yield substantial information about eating habits, everyday life and the utensils manufactured for daily use. Since the finds originate from both a municipal excavation (Kalabaktepe) and a sanctuary excavation (Zeytintepe), they allow a comparison between the secular and religious spheres. Among the material it was possible to identify some new types of kitchenware. These include fish-shaped grills, cylindrical stoves and portable ovens of clay, but also varying types of stand made of stone and clay for cooking pots and grills. Cooking pots were the most common kitchenware for the preparation of warm meals. In addition bowls, mortaria, stone pestles, and coarsely made jugs were used, as were stoves, pithoi, hand-mills of stone, various stands and vessel lids and small tripod tables made of clay. Macroscopic and chemical analysis has established the reference group of clays for the local kitchenware and utensils from Miletus. On this basis it will be possible to answer questions concerning trade networks more precisely in future. 

Keywords: Miletus - Archaic period - kitchenware - cooking pots


Hanswulf Bloedhorn, Jerusalem’s Water System in the Bronze and Iron Age
In 1867 Charles Warren discovered a shaft behind the Gihon Spring, later named Warren’s Shaft, which, contrary to initial assumptions, is a natural fissure in the rock which was discovered by chance only in the Iron Age. In the middle Bronze Age the Jerusalemites, via a subterranean conduit running under the city wall, had reached the edge of a pool within the rock into which the spring water flowed through Canal II and Tunnel III. Thick fortifications protected the water system from the outside. In the Iron Age the city’s inhabitants decided to locate the subterranean entrance to the spring pool at a deeper level in order to be able to access the spring directly. But after 20 m they came upon a deep shaft, the Warren’s Shaft, and abandoned the project. Instead they set about tunnelling from the bottom of the shaft to the spring, succeeding only after several attempts. Only then did they start work on the Siloam Tunnel, digging from both sides, as the tunnel inscription describes and as hewing marks corroborate. As a result the spring water flowed »into the centre of the city«; the old spring pool and Canal II meanwhile were drained.  

Keywords: Jerusalem - Gihon - Bronze Age - Iron Age - watersystem