Tadjikistan: Votives and rituals in Hellenistic and Kushan period Bactria

Votives from sanctuaries along the river Oxus

Archaeological investigations on the history of religion in Central Asia

Location

Ancient Bactria as it looks from satellite

Fertile plain of a confluent of the Oxus (Amu Darya)

Bactria is the ancient Greek name of the country on both sides of the Oxus, known today as Amu Darya. It covered the South of what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and the North of Afghanistan. The area is bounded to the North by the Gissar mountains, to the East by the Pamir and to the South by the Hindu Kush, to the West there is the Karakum desert. Bactria used to be wealthy: the plains of the tributary streams of the Oxus are very fertile, the alluvium of the Oxus contains gold, and the land participated in the trade with lapis lazuli and other gemstones.

History

	Ionic capital from the Oxus temple, first half of the 3rd century BC
	Terracotta objects of the Kushan period, found in the Oxus temple

Bactria formed part of the Persian empire since the middle of the 6th century BC. Because of its wealth, it was one of the most important satrapies of Persia. Following the conquest by Alexander the Great in 329/327 BC, Bactria was exposed to the influence of Mediterranean culture. Politically it stayed unstable. At first the country belonged to the Seleucid kingdom, which took over control of the eastern part of Alexander's empire. In the middle of the 3rd century BC the governor of Bactria transformed his satrapy into an independent kingdom, the so called Greco-Bactrian kingdom. This kingdom existed about hundred years, until nomadic people of northern provenance, identified in Chinese texts as Yuezhi, invaded Bactria c. 130 BC and settled down. At the beginning of the first century AD the Kushan gained prominence over the other Yuezhi tribes. They created the Kushan empire and expanded their territory to the South and East. In the first half of the 2nd century AD the Kushan empire extended over the Hindu Kush into the region traditionally known as Gandhara and farther into India. As rulers of this large empire the Kushans controlled the southern rout of the Silk Road.  

Objectives

	Bronze figure found in the Oxus temple
	Deliberately fragmented votive offerings

The sanctuaries in ancient Bactria are very important for research on the mutual influence of Iranian-Bactrian and Greek culture. Previous work tried to identify the worshiped gods and to determine whether they are indigenous, Greek or syncretistic deities. In contrast, this archaeological research project focuses on history of ritual. It is based upon votive offerings which were discovered in the sanctuaries and which are considered as relics of rituals.

The finds from the Oxus Temple in modern-day Tajikistan, which is the only sanctuary in Bactria in use from the Hellenistic into the Kushan period, form the basis for an investigation into votive practice at other Bactrian ritual sites. To what extent did the votive customs of the 3rd and 2nd century BC reflect Iranian traditions? And was Greek influence, established for other aspects of the culture, evident also in votive practice? In addition the project will investigate the development of votive customs until the end of the 3rd century AD. A key question in this regard is how the socio-political change in the course of the conquests of Bactria by the nomadic Yuezhi c. 130 BC affected religious concepts. The aim is to cast some light on the nature of the Greek-oriental cultural mix in Bactria, and to chart its transformation under nomadic influence by focusing on the example of votive practices.  

History of Research

	Half life-sized statue from the Oxus temple

Several temples of the Hellenistic period and the subsequent Kushan period have been excavated in Bactria since the 1960s. It has proved impossible, however, to adequately determine the character of these ritual sites either by analysis of the building forms and spatial structure, or by evaluating the scanty literary and epigraphic sources that survive. In view of this, an investigation of the many votive offerings found there promises to yield better results.

The Oxus temple was excavated from 1976 to 1991 by Igor R. Pičikjan of the South Tajik archaeological expedition, headed by Boris A. Litvinskij. The results of the excavations and some of the discovered objects were published in preliminary reports and monographs. Although the former excavators have published a final report they could not finish the publication of the small finds. Since 1998 A. Drujinina from the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan is going on with the excavations. The focus of this work is on the settlement surrounding the temple, but there are some new trenches and re-examinations in the temenos and in the lateral wings of the temple.  

Previous Activities

	Gold, silver and bronze offerings from the Oxus tempel

The small finds from the Oxus temple were re-examined and fully documented in 2003 and 2004. This documentation is the basis for the research in votives and ritual practice which started in autumn 2006.  

Cooperation

	View to the Oxus temple with the Amu Darya in the background

The project is carried out in cooperation with the current leader of the excavations at the Oxus temple, Dipl. Arch. Anjelina Drujinina (anjelinad@yahoo.com) and with the Museum of Antiquities of the Akhmadi Donish Institute for History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. 

Contact

Dr. phil. Gunvor Lindström

Klassische Archäologie
Telefon: 03018-7711-303
Telefax: 03018-7711-313
Email: gl@dainst.de

Sponsors

German Research Foundation  

Bibliography

А. Дружинина, Предварительные результаты раскопок на городище Тахти-Сангин [Vorberichte der Ausgrabungen 1998-2004], Археологические работы в Таджикистане 27, 2000, 240-261; 29, 2004, 131-160. 224-236; 30, 2005, 86-105.

A. Drujinina, Die Ausgrabungen in Taxt-i Sangīn im Oxos-Tempelbereich (Süd-Tadzikistan). Vorbericht der Kampagnen 1998-1999, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 33, 2001, 257-282.

A. P. Drujinina - N. R. Boroffka, First preliminary report on the excavations in Takht-i Sangin 2004, Bulletin of the Miho Museum 6, 2006, 57-69.

H.-P. Francfort, Fouilles d'Aï Khanoum III. Le Sanctuaire du temple à niches indentées. 2. Les trouvailles, Mémoires de la délegation archéologique française en Afghanistan 27 (Paris 1984).

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Б. А. Литвинский/И. Р. Пичикян, Эллинистический храм Окса в Бактрии (Южный Таджикистан) I. Раскопки, архитектура, религиозная жизнь (Москва 2000).

Б. А. Литвинский, Эллинистический храм Окса в Бактрии (Южный Таджикистан) II. Бактрийскоe вооружение в древневосточном н грческом контексте (Москва 2001).

B. A. Litvinskij - I. R. Pičikjan, Taxt-i Sangīn. Der Oxos-Tempel. Grabungsbefund, Stratigraphie und Architektur, Archäologie in Iran und Turan 4 (Mainz 2002).